Create bidirectional RRT planner for geometric planning (2024)

Table of Contents
Description Creation Syntax Description Properties StateSpace — State space for planner state space object StateValidator — State validator for planner state validator object StateSampler — State space sampler for sampling input space stateSamplerUniform object (default) | stateSamplerGaussian object | stateSamplerMPNET object | nav.StateSampler object MaxConnectionDistance — Maximum length between planned configurations 0.1 (default) | positive scalar MaxIterations — Maximum number of iterations 1e4 (default) | positive integer MaxNumTreeNodes — Maximum number of nodes in search tree 1e4 (default) | positive integer EnableConnectHeuristic — Directly join trees during connect phase false or 0 (default) | true or 1 Object Functions Examples Plan Path Between Two States Using Bidirectional RRT Plan Path Through 3-D Occupancy Map Using Bidirectional RRT Planner References Extended Capabilities C/C++ Code Generation Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™. Version History R2023b: Specify Sampling Approach for Path Planning See Also Objects Functions MATLAB Command Americas Europe Asia Pacific References

Create bidirectional RRT planner for geometric planning

Since R2021a

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    Description

    The plannerBiRRT object is a single-query planner that uses the bidirectional rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm with an optional connect heuristic for increased speed.

    The bidirectional RRT planner creates one tree with a root node at the specified start state and another tree with a root node at the specified goal state. To extend each tree, the planner generates a random state and, if valid, takes a step from the nearest node based on the MaxConnectionDistance property. The start and goal trees alternate this extension process until both trees are connected. If the EnableConnectHeuristic property is enabled, the extension process ignores the MaxConnectionDistance property. Invalid states or connections that collide with the environment are not added to the tree.

    Creation

    Syntax

    planner = plannerBiRRT(stateSpace,stateVal)

    planner = plannerBiRRT(___,Name=Value)

    Description

    planner = plannerBiRRT(stateSpace,stateVal) creates a bidirectional RRT planner from a state space object, stateSpace, and a state validator object, stateVal. The state space of stateVal must be the same as stateSpace. The stateSpace and stateVal arguments also set the StateSpace and StateValidator properties, respectively, of the planner.

    example

    planner = plannerBiRRT(___,Name=Value) sets properties using one or more name-value arguments in addition to the input arguments in the previous syntax. You can specify the MaxConnectionDistance, MaxIterations, MaxNumTreeNodes, and EnableConnectHeuristic properties as name-value arguments.

    Properties

    expand all

    State space for the planner, specified as a state space object. You can use state space objects such as stateSpaceSE2, stateSpaceDubins, stateSpaceReedsShepp, and stateSpaceSE3. You can also customize a state space object using the nav.StateSpace class.

    State validator for the planner, specified as a state validator object. You can use state validator objects such as validatorOccupancyMap, validatorVehicleCostmap, and validatorOccupancyMap3D.

    Since R2023b

    State space sampler used for finding state samples in the input space, specified as a stateSamplerUniform object, stateSamplerGaussian object, stateSamplerMPNET object, or nav.StateSampler object. By default, the plannerBiRRT uses uniform state sampling.

    Maximum length between planned configurations, specified as a positive scalar.

    If the EnableConnectHeuristic property is set to true, the object ignores this distance when connecting the two trees during the connect stage.

    Example: MaxConnectionDistance=0.3

    Data Types: single | double

    Maximum number of iterations, specified as a positive integer.

    Example: MaxIterations=2500

    Data Types: single | double

    See Also
    Goal-oriented BI-RRT Path Planning AlgorithmMotion Planning with the RRT Algorithm, Part 3: Bi-Directional RRT Algorithm for Robot ManipulatorsPlan motion for rigid body tree using bidirectional RRTCreate an RRT planner for geometric planning

    Maximum number of nodes in the search tree, specified as a positive integer.

    Example: MaxNumTreeNodes=2500

    Data Types: single | double

    Directly join trees during the connect phase of the planner, specified as a logical 0 (false) or 1 (true).

    Setting this property to true causes the object to ignore the MaxConnectionDistance property when attempting to connect the two trees together.

    Example: EnableConnectHeuristic=true

    Data Types: logical

    Object Functions

    planPlan path between two states
    copyCreate deep copy of planner object

    Examples

    collapse all

    Plan Path Between Two States Using Bidirectional RRT

    Open Live Script

    Use the plannerBiRRT object to plan a path between two states in an environment with obstacles. Visualize the planned path with interpolated states.

    Create a state space.

    ss = stateSpaceSE2;

    Create an occupancyMap-based state validator using the created state space.

    sv = validatorOccupancyMap(ss);

    Create an occupancy map from an example map and set map resolution as 10 cells per meter.

    load exampleMapsmap = occupancyMap(ternaryMap,10);

    Assign the occupancy map to the state validator object. Specify the sampling distance interval.

    sv.Map = map;sv.ValidationDistance = 0.01;

    Update the state space bounds to be the same as the map limits.

    ss.StateBounds = [map.XWorldLimits; map.YWorldLimits; [-pi pi]];

    Create the path planner and increase the maximum connection distance.

    planner = plannerBiRRT(ss,sv);planner.MaxConnectionDistance = 0.3;
    See Also
    Motion Planning with the RRT Algorithm, Part 3: Bi-Directional RRT Algorithm for Robot Manipulators

    Specify the start and goal states.

    start = [20 10 0];goal = [40 40 0];

    Plan a path. Due to the randomness of the RRT algorithm, set the rng seed for repeatability.

    rng(100,'twister')[pthObj,solnInfo] = plan(planner,start,goal);

    Display the number of iterations taken for the tree to converge.

    fprintf("Number of iterations: %d\n",solnInfo.NumIterations)
    Number of iterations: 346

    Visualize the results.

    show(map)hold on% Plot start pose and goal poseplot(start(1), start(2),plannerLineSpec.start{:});plot(goal(1), goal(2), plannerLineSpec.goal{:});% Start tree expansionplot(solnInfo.StartTreeData(:,1),solnInfo.StartTreeData(:,2), ... plannerLineSpec.tree{:})% Goal tree expansionplot(solnInfo.GoalTreeData(:,1),solnInfo.GoalTreeData(:,2), ... plannerLineSpec.goalTree{:})% Draw pathplot(pthObj.States(:,1),pthObj.States(:,2),plannerLineSpec.path{:})legendhold off

    Create bidirectional RRT planner for geometric planning (1)

    Replan the path with the EnableConnectHeuristic property set to true.

    planner.EnableConnectHeuristic = true;[pthObj,solnInfo] = plan(planner,start,goal);

    Display the number of iterations taken for the tree to converge. Observe that the planner requires significantly fewer iterations compared to when the EnableConnectHeuristic property is set to false.

    fprintf("Number of iterations: %d\n",solnInfo.NumIterations)
    Number of iterations: 192

    Visualize the results.

    figureshow(map)hold on% Start tree expansion% Plot start pose and goal poseplot(start(1), start(2),plannerLineSpec.start{:});plot(goal(1), goal(2), plannerLineSpec.goal{:});plot(solnInfo.StartTreeData(:,1),solnInfo.StartTreeData(:,2), ... plannerLineSpec.tree{:})% Goal tree expansionplot(solnInfo.GoalTreeData(:,1),solnInfo.GoalTreeData(:,2), ... plannerLineSpec.goalTree{:})% Draw pathplot(pthObj.States(:,1),pthObj.States(:,2),plannerLineSpec.path{:})legendhold off

    Create bidirectional RRT planner for geometric planning (2)

    Plan Path Through 3-D Occupancy Map Using Bidirectional RRT Planner

    Open Live Script

    Load a 3-D occupancy map of a city block into the workspace. Specify the threshold to consider cells as obstacle-free.

    mapData = load("dMapCityBlock.mat");omap = mapData.omap;omap.FreeThreshold = 0.5;

    Inflate the occupancy map to add a buffer zone for safe operation around the obstacles.

    inflate(omap,1)

    Create an SE(3) state space object with bounds for state variables.

    ss = stateSpaceSE3([0 220;0 220;0 100;inf inf;inf inf;inf inf;inf inf]);

    Create a 3-D occupancy map state validator using the created state space. Assign the occupancy map to the state validator object. Specify the sampling distance interval.

    sv = validatorOccupancyMap3D(ss, ... Map = omap, ... ValidationDistance = 0.1);

    Create a bidirectional RRT path planner with increased maximum connection distance and reduced maximum number of iterations. Set EnableConnectHeuristic property to true.

    planner = plannerBiRRT(ss,sv, ... MaxConnectionDistance = 50, ... MaxIterations = 1000, ... EnableConnectHeuristic = true);

    Specify start and goal poses.

    start = [40 180 25 0.7 0.2 0 0.1];goal = [150 33 35 0.3 0 0.1 0.6];

    Configure the random number generator for repeatable result.

    rng(1,"twister");

    Plan the path.

    [pthObj,solnInfo] = plan(planner,start,goal);

    Visualize the planned path.

    show(omap)axis equalview([-10 55])hold on% Start statescatter3(start(1,1),start(1,2),start(1,3),"g","filled")% Start tree expansionplot3(solnInfo.StartTreeData(:,1),solnInfo.StartTreeData(:,2), ... solnInfo.StartTreeData(:,3),".-",Color="g")% Goal statescatter3(goal(1,1),goal(1,2),goal(1,3),"y","filled")% Goal tree expansionplot3(solnInfo.GoalTreeData(:,1),solnInfo.GoalTreeData(:,2), ... solnInfo.GoalTreeData(:,3),".-",Color="y")% Pathplot3(pthObj.States(:,1),pthObj.States(:,2),pthObj.States(:,3), ... "m-",LineWidth=2)

    Create bidirectional RRT planner for geometric planning (3)

    References

    [1] Kuffner, J. J., and S. M. LaValle. “RRT-Connect: An Efficient Approach to Single-Query Path Planning.” In Proceedings 2000 ICRA. Millennium Conference. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Symposia Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37065), 2:995–1001. San Francisco, CA, USA: IEEE, 2000. https://doi:10.1109/ROBOT.2000.844730.

    Extended Capabilities

    C/C++ Code Generation
    Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

    Version History

    Introduced in R2021a

    expand all

    You can now specify uniform sampling, Gaussian sampling, MPNet sampling, or a custom sampling approach to generate samples for path planning. Use the name, value argument StateSampler to specify the sampling approach.

    See Also

    Objects

    • plannerRRT | plannerRRTStar | stateSpaceReedsShepp | stateSpaceDubins | stateSpaceSE2 | stateSpaceSE3 | validatorOccupancyMap | validatorVehicleCostmap | validatorOccupancyMap3D

    Functions

    • plan | copy

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